Metric Spaces and examples
Pseudometric and example
Distance between sets
Theorem: Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space. Then for any $x,y\in X$, $$\left| {\,d(x,\,A)\, - \,d(y,\,A)\,} \right|\,\, \le \,\,d(x,\,y).$$
Diameter of a set
Bounded Set
Theorem: The union of two bounded set is bounded.
Open Ball, closed ball, sphere and examples
Open Set
Theorem: An open ball in metric space X is open.
Limit point of a set
Closed Set
Theorem: A subset A of a metric space is closed if and only if its complement $A^c$ is open.
Theorem: A closed ball is a closed set.
Theorem: Let (X,d) be a metric space and $A\subset X$. If $x \in X$ is a limit point of A. Then every open ball $B(x;r)$ with centre x contain an infinite numbers of point of A.
Closure of a Set
Dense Set
Countable Set
Separable Space
Theorem: Let (X,d) be a metric space, $A \subset X$ is dense if and only if A has non-empty intersection with any open subset of X.
Neighbourhood of a Point
Interior Point
Continuity
Theorem: $f:(X,d)\to (Y,d')$ is continuous at $x_0\in X$ if and only if $f^{-1}(G)$ is open is X. wherever G is open in Y.
Convergence of Sequence
Theorem: If $(x_n)$ is converges then limit of $(x_n)$ is unique.
Theorem: (i) A convergent sequence is bounded. (ii) ii) If ${x_n}\to x$ and ${y_n}\to y$ then $d(x_n,y_n)\to d(x,y)$.
Cauchy Sequence
Theorem: A convergent sequence in a metric space (X,d) is Cauchy.
Subsequence
Theorem: (i) Let $(x_n)$ be a Cauchy sequence in (X,d), then $(x_n)$ converges to a point $x\in X$ if and only if $(x_n)$ has a convergent subsequence $\left(x_{n_k}\right)$ which converges to $x\in X$.
(ii) If $(x_n)$ converges to $x\in X$, then every subsequence $\left(x_{n_k}\right)$ also converges to $x\in X$.
Theorem: Let (X,d) be a metric space and $M \subseteq X$. (i) Then $x\in\overline{M}$ if and only if there is a sequence $(x_n)$ in M such that $x_n\to x$. (ii) If for any sequence $(x_n)$ in M, ${x_n}\to x\quad\Rightarrow\quad x\in M$, then M is closed.
Complete Space
Subspace
Theorem: A subspace of a complete metric space (X,d) is complete if and only if Y is closed in X.
Nested Sequence
Theorem (Cantor’s Intersection Theorem): A metric space (X,d) is complete if and only if every nested sequence of non-empty closed subset of X, whose diameter tends to zero, has a non-empty intersection.
Complete Space (Examples)
Theorem: The real line is complete.
Theorem: The Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$ is complete.
Theorem: The space $l^{\infty}$ is complete.
Theorem: The space C of all convergent sequence of complex number is complete.
Theorem: The space $l^p,p\ge1$ is a real number, is complete.
Theorem: The space C[a, b] is complete.
Theorem: If $(X,d_1)$ and $\left(Y,d_2\right)$ are complete then $X\times Y$ is complete.
Theorem: $f:\left(X,d\right)\to\left(Y,d'\right)$ is continuous at $x_0\in X$ if and only if $x_n\to x$ implies $f(x_n)\to f(x_0)$.
Rare (or nowhere dense in X)
Meager (or of the first category)
Non-meager (or of the second category)
Bair’s Category Theorem: If $X\ne\phi$ is complete then it is non-meager in itself “OR” A complete metric space is of second category.