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Formatting Syntax

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 10 Feb 2024 11:07:05 +0000

Formatting Syntax DokuWiki supports some simple markup language, which tries to make the datafiles to be as readable as possible. This page contains all possible syntax you may use when editing the pages. Simply have a look at the source of this page by pressing

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anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:39:42 +0000

Report Abuse All the resources published/posted on MathCity.org are sent by different people to help the other people for the promotion of mathematics. These are open educational resources (OER). OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming vide…

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Fall 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:14 +0000

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Fall 2020) Course Objectives: Discrete Mathematics is branch of Mathematics which deals with discrete structures like logic. sequences, graphs, relations in contrast to Calculus. where we enjoy the continuity of functions and the set of real numbers. This course is introduction to discrete structures which are not the part of main stream courses. Discrete Mathematics has applications in Computer Science. Economics and Decision Making etc. This course will help t…

MATH-608: History of Mathematics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:26 +0000

MATH-608: History of Mathematics Course contents History of Numerations: Egyptian, Babylonian, Hindu and Arabic contributions. Algebra: Including the contributions of Al-Khwarzmi and Ibn Kura. Geometry: the areas, the work of Al-Toussi on Euclud’s axioms, Analysis. The Calculus: Newton, Leibniz and Gauss, The concept of limit, Laplace.

MATH-608: Research Methodology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Sep 2021 16:16:53 +0000

MATH-608: Research Methodology Objectives of the course Introduction to the students will be given that research in mathematics is conducted covering every fact of the research process, finding and defending suitable problems, performing literature survey.

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Fall 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Jun 2021 09:02:12 +0000

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Spring 2022)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 04:56:59 +0000

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Spring 2022) Course Objectives: Discrete Mathematics is branch of Mathematics which deals with discrete structures like logic. sequences, graphs, relations in contrast to Calculus. where we enjoy the continuity of functions and the set of real numbers. This course is introduction to discrete structures which are not the part of main stream courses. Discrete Mathematics has applications in Computer Science. Economics and Decision Making etc. This course will help…

Notes of Vector Analysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:54 +0000

Notes of Vector Analysis [Vector Ananlysis] Notes of the vector analysis are given on this page. These notes are helpful for BSc or equivalent classes. These notes are written by Amir Taimur Mohmand of University of Peshawar. The books of these notes is not known. If you know about the book, please inform us.$f$$P$

Advanced Analysis: Handwritten Notes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 14 Apr 2023 17:55:33 +0000

Advanced Analysis: Handwritten Notes [Advanced Analysis: Handwritten Notes] These notes are provided by Mr. Anwar Khan. We are really very thankful to Mr. Anwar Khan for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org It covers the complete syllabus of Advanced Analysis paper of MSc Mathematics. See the contents of the notes given below to see the topics covered by these notes.

Notes of Analysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 18 Aug 2023 15:15:07 +0000

Notes of Analysis advanced-analysis-handwritten-notes Advanced Analysis: Handwritten Notes A handwritten notes of Advanced Analysis provided by Mr. Anwar Khan. We are really very thankful to Mr. Anwar Khan for providing these notes of 260 pages. Advanced-Analysis-iqra-liaqat Advance Analysis by Ms. Iqra Liaqat A handwritten notes of Advanced Analysis provided by Ms. Iqra Liaqat. Summary and contents are given on the page of notes.

Differential Geometry by M Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 11:29:44 +0000

Differential Geometry by M Usman Hamid [Differential Geometry by M Usman Hamid] These notes are initially provided by Mr. Anwar Khan. Later send by many persons. We are really very thankful to all for providing these notes and appreciates their effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org

Mechanics I (Statics) by Dr Babar Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Jul 2023 12:49:29 +0000

Mechanics I (Statics) by Dr Babar Ahmad [Mechanics I (Statics) by Dr Babar Ahmad] We are very thankful to Dr Babar Ahmad for sharing his book on MathCity.org. This book is very helpful for undergraduate students of Science and Engineering Programs. This book is shared by the permission of the author and he keeps the copyright of the book.

Mechanics III (Analytic Dynamics II) by Dr Babar Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 10 May 2025 17:33:01 +0000

Mechanics III (Analytic Dynamics II) by Dr Babar Ahmad [Mechanics III (Analytic Dynamics II) by Dr Babar Ahmad] We are very thankful to Dr Babar Ahmad for sharing his book on MathCity.org. This book is very helpful for undergraduate students of Science and Engineering Programs. This book is shared by the permission of the author and he keeps the copyright of the book.

Numerical Analysis by M Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:01:51 +0000

Numerical Analysis by M Usman Hamid These notes are initially provided by Mr. Anwar Khan. Later the updated version is send by Muhammad Tahir. We are really very thankful to Mr. Anwar Khan and Muhammad Tahir for providing these notes and appreciates their effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org

Chapter 11: The Laplace Transform

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 May 2022 17:43:26 +0000

Chapter 11: The Laplace Transform Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin. This book is published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Solutions of Chapter 11: The Laplace Transform are given here in pdf form. $f$$[0,\infty)$$f$$\mathcal{L}(f)$$F$$ provided the above improper integral converges. We have $

Question 9, Exercise 1.4

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Jul 2024 12:46:32 +0000

Question 9, Exercise 1.4 Solutions of Question 9 of Exercise 1.4 of Unit 01: Complex Numbers. This is unit of Model Textbook of Mathematics for Class XI published by National Book Foundation (NBF) as Federal Textbook Board, Islamabad, Pakistan. Question 9(i) $x=2+3 i$$x_{\max }=1+4 i$$\mathrm{t}=0$$$x=2+3i$$$$x_{\max}=1+4 i$$$$\implies x=x_{\max} e^{i\theta}$$$$2+3i=(1+4 i) e^{i\theta}$$\begin{align} \implies e^{i\theta}&=\dfrac{2+3i}{1+4i} \\ &=\dfrac{(2+3i)(1-4i)}{(1+4i)(1-4i)} \\ &=\dfrac{…

CHEM-501: Basic Mathematics for Chemist

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:04 +0000

CHEM-501: Basic Mathematics for Chemist Course contents Introdtuction; Review of basic algebra, Graphs and their significance in chemistry. Trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Differentiation, partial differentiation, differential equations and their use in chemical problems. Concept of maxima and minima. integration, Determinants and Matrices, their properties and use in chemical problems. solutions of linear equations (simple, determinant and matrices methods), operator the…

MTH321: Real Analysis 1

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:06 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis 1 At the end of this course the students will be able to uunderstand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform continuity of a function, prove various theorems about continuous func…

MTH424: Convex Analysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:06 +0000

MTH424: Convex Analysis Objectives: At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the concept of Convex Analysis, convex sets, convex functions, Differential of the convex function. Developing ability to study the Hadamard-Hermite inequalities and their applications. Prepare students to be self independent and enhance their mathematical ability by giving them home work and projects.

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:08 +0000

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications Course Objectives: This course is intended as a brief introduction to the subject with a focus on Banach Fixed Point theorems fixed point theorem and its application to nonlinear differential equations, nonlinear integral equations, real and complex implicit functions theorems and system of nonlinear equations. Some generalizations and similar results e. g. Kannan Fixed Point theorems, Banach Fixed Point theorem for multi-valued mappings are also ed…

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2015)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:08 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2015) At the end of this course the students will be able to uunderstand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform continuity of a function, prove various theorems about con…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2015)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:09 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2015) Course Contents: Sequences of functions: convergence, uniform convergence, uniform convergence and continuity, uniform convergence and integration, uniform convergence and differentiation, the exponential and logarithmic function, the trigonometric functions.

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2016)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:09 +0000

~~DISCUSSION:off~~ MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2016) Do you have questions or comments? Please use Discussion at the end of this page. This course is offered to MSc, Semester III at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock campus. The is course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2017)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:10 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2017) This course is offered to MSc, Semester III at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock campus. The is course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2018)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:10 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2018) At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform continuity of a function, prove various theorems about cont…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2018)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:11 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2018) This course is offered to MSc, Semester II at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2019)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:11 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2019) [Photo-illustration of Zeno's Paradox by Juliana Jiménez Jaramillo. Photo by Twildlife/Thinkstock] At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Def…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2019)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:12 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2019) This course is offered to MSc, Semester II at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers. these notions included in

MTH611: Integral Inequalities (Fall 2019)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:12 +0000

MTH611: Integral Inequalities (Fall 2019) This course is offered to students of MS(Mathematics) at COMSATS University Islamabad. This is a three credit hour course. Contents Some Quadrature rules and their applications Ostrowski Inequality in L1-, Lp- and L∞ spaces and applications Grüss Inequality, its variants and applications Ostrowski- Grüss inequalities, their consequences and applications Purturbed results for Ostrowski and Ostrowski- Grüss type inequalities Inequalities for convex func…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:14 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2020) This course is offered to MSc, Semester II at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Fall 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:16 +0000

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Fall 2020) [Convex Analysis] Objectives: At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the concept of Convex Analysis, convex sets, convex functions, Differential of the convex function. Developing ability to study the Hadamard-Hermite inequalities and their applications. Prepare students to be self independent and enhance their mathematical ability by giving them home work and projects.$f(x)=x$$\mathbb{R}$$f(x)=x^2$$\mathbb{R}$$f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{…

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2021)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 28 Oct 2022 11:10:02 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2021) Discussion is available at the end of this page. One is free to ask any question or comment. [Photo-illustration of Zeno's Paradox] At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphas…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2021)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Dec 2021 19:16:17 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Fall 2021) This course is offered to MSc, Semester II at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in $\int_{1}^{\infty }{{{x}^{-p}} dx}$$p$$f\in \mathcal{R}[a,b]$$b\ge a$$f(x)\ge 0$$x\ge a$$\int_{a}^{\infty }{f(x) dx}$$M>0$$\int\limits_{a}^{b}{f(x)\,dx} \le M$$b\ge a$$f\in \mathcal{R}[a,b]$$b\ge a$…

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2022)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 May 2023 07:16:43 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Fall 2022) ~~DISCUSSION~~ [Photo-illustration of Zeno's Paradox] At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform conti…

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Fall 2022)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Jan 2023 04:37:11 +0000

~~DISCUSSION~~ MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Fall 2022) [FPTA] Course Objectives: This course is intended as a brief introduction to the subject with a focus on Banach Fixed Point theorems fixed point theorem and its application to nonlinear differential equations, nonlinear integral equations, real and complex implicit functions theorems and system of nonlinear equations. Some generalizations and similar results e. g. Kannan Fixed Point theorems, Banach Fixed Point theorem f…

MTH103: Exploring Quantitative Skills

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Sep 2023 13:47:12 +0000

MTH103: Exploring Quantitative Skills Course Objectives This course aims to develop the basic mathematical skills which ultimately enhance problem-solving skills using inductive and deductive reasoning, Polya's strategy, and sets. The basic concepts will be develop with applications form the real world such as algebraic models with equations, rates, ratios, and percentages will be discussed. Students will also explore linear models, including rectangular coordinates, functions, empowering them…

MTH480: Introductory Quantum Mechanics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 07 Oct 2023 18:27:32 +0000

MTH480: Introductory Quantum Mechanics Objective The physical principles and mathematical formalism of quantum theory, with emphasis on applications to atomic, molecular, and many-body physics; scattering phenomena; and electromagnetism (photon physics). $x(t)={{t}^{3}}+2\sin t$$t=\dfrac{\pi }{6}$$v(t)={{t}^{2}}+t{{e}^{t}}$

MTH104: Calculus & Analytical Geometry

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Dec 2024 17:21:25 +0000

MTH104: Calculus & Analytical Geometry [MTH104: Calculus & Analytical Geometry] Course Objectives The main objective of Calculus and Analytical Geometry for students is to continue learning the basics of the calculus of functions of one variable. They will study functions, their types, limit and continuity of a function, derivatives, rate of change, chain rule, the concepts and techniques of integration, maxima and minima for the function of one variable, power series sequence and series, Tay…

MTH731: Topology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Dec 2024 18:38:41 +0000

MTH731: Topology [MTH731 Topology] Contents Introduction to Topological Structures and basic concepts (Revision) Topological Groups, Connected Spaces, Path Connected Spaces, Compact Spaces, Locally Connectedness and Locally Compactness, Homeomorphism and Topological Properties, n-spheres and Projective Spaces, The Separation axioms, Normal Spaces, The Urysohn Lemma, Numerability axioms, Covering spaces, The Tychnoff Theorem, Paracompact spaces, Manifolds (Brief Introduction), Imbedding of Man…

CSC456: Stochastic Processes (Fall 2025)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 14:20:45 +0000

CSC456: Stochastic Processes (Fall 2025) [Stochastic Processes (Fall 2025), Image Courtesy: Gemini] Course Objectives: * To define basic concepts from the theory of Markov chains and present proofs for the most important theorems. * To compute probabilities of transition between states and return to the initial state after long time intervals in Markov chains.

MTH324: Complex Analysis (Fall 2025)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 07:23:19 +0000

MTH324: Complex Analysis (Fall 2025) [MTH324: Complex Analysis (Fall 2025) Courtesy: Copilot] Course Objectives: At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic properties of functions of a complex variable with the theory of analytic functions and its applications. Course contents:

MATH 103: Number Theory

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:17 +0000

MATH 103: Number Theory Objectives of the course This course shall assume no experience of background in number theory of theoretical mathematics. The course introduces various strategies for composing mathematical proofs. Course contents Number systems: natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, the equivalence and the difference of cardinality between them, de Morvie’s theorem with application, hyperbolic ad logarithmic functions, introduction to number the…

MATH-300: Basic Mathematics for Chemist

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 31 May 2023 05:38:37 +0000

MATH-300: Basic Mathematics for Chemist Without mathematics the sciences cannot be understood, nor made clear, nor taught, nor learned. (Roger Bacon, 1214–1292) Course contents Introdtuction; Review of basic algebra, Graphs and their significance in chemistry. Trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Differentiation, partial differentiation, differential equations and their use in chemical problems. Concept of maxima and minima. integration, Determinants and Matrices, their prope…

MATH-301: Complex Analysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:18 +0000

MATH-301: Complex Analysis Objectives of the course This is an introductory course in complex analysis, giving the basics of the theory along with applications, with an emphasis on applications of complex analysis and especially conformal mappings. Students should have a background in real analysis (as in the course Real Analysis I), including the ability to write a simple proof in an analysis context. $\cot 2z$

MATH-305: Real Analysis-I

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:21 +0000

MATH-305: Real Analysis-I Objectives of the course: This is the first rigorous course in analysis and has a theoretical emphasis. It tegorously develops the fundamental ideas of calculus and is aimed to develop the students’ ability to deal with abstract mathematics and mathematical proofs.

MATH-505: Complex Analysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:23 +0000

MATH-505: Complex Analysis Provisional Results MMAF13E101 = 65 MMAF13E102 = 65 MMAF13E103 = 58 MMAF13E104 = 58 MMAF13E105 = 78 MMAF13E106 = 62 MMAF13E107 = 50 MMAF13E108 = 75 MMAF13E109 = 61 MMAF13E110 = 50 MMAF13E111 = 50 MMAF13E112 = 85 $\cot 2z$

MATH-510: Topology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:25 +0000

MATH-510: Topology Topology is an important branch of mathematics that studies all the “qualitative” or “discrete” properties of continuous objects such as manifolds, i.e. all the properties that aren't changed by any continuous transformations except for the singular (infinitely extreme) ones.$(T_0, T_1, T_2)$$\mathbb{R}$$X=\{a\}$$X$$X$$X$$\tau$$\mathbb{N}$$\tau$$(\mathbb{Z}, \tau)$$\mathbb{N}$$\tau$$A=\{\pm 100,\pm 101, \pm 102, ... \}$$\tau$$E=\{0,\pm 2,\pm 4,...\}$$\tau$$\tau$$B=\{1,2,3,...…

MATH-510: Topology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:24 +0000

MATH-510: Topology Objectives of the course This is an introductory course in topology, giving the basics of the theory. Course contents Topological spaces, bases and sub-bases, first and second axiom of countability, separability, continuous functions and homeomorphism, finite product space. Separation axioms $(T_0, T_1, T_2)$

MTH251: Set Topology (Spring 25)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Feb 2026 14:28:11 +0000

MTH251: Set Topology (Spring 25) [MTH251 Set Topology] Set topology is a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of shapes and spaces that remain unchanged even if they are stretched, twisted, or deformed (without tearing or gluing). It helps us understand concepts like continuity, connectedness, and boundaries.$\mathbb{R}$$T_1$$\mathbb{Z}$$A=\{1,2,3,...,20\}$$\mathbb{R}$$\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{R}$$A=\left\{1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3},... \right\}$$A$$\mathbb{R}$$A=\mathbb{N}$$B=\{1,2,3,.…

MTH321: Real Analysis 1

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:29 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis 1 (Spring 2015)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:32 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis 1 (Spring 2015) At the end of this course the students will be able to uunderstand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform continuity of a function, prove various theorems about c…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2016)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:34 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2016) This course was teach to MSc III and IV. Course Contents: Sequences of functions: convergence, uniform convergence, uniform convergence and continuity, uniform convergence and integration, uniform convergence and differentiation, the exponential and logarithmic function, the trigonometric functions.

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2017)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:35 +0000

~~DISCUSSION:closed~~ MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2017) Do you have questions or comments? Please use Discussion at the end of this page. This course is offered to MSc, Semester III at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock campus. The is course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH251: Set Topology (Spring 18)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 11:25:49 +0000

MTH251: Set Topology (Spring 18) [Set Topology] Topology is an important branch of mathematics that studies all the “qualitative” or “discrete” properties of continuous objects such as manifolds, i.e. all the properties that aren't changed by any continuous transformations except for the singular (infinitely extreme) ones.$\mathbb{R}$$T_1$$\mathbb{Z}$$A=\{1,2,3,...,20\}$$\mathbb{R}$$\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{R}$$A=\left\{1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3},... \right\}$$A$$\mathbb{R}$$A=\mathbb{N}$$B=\{1,2,3,.…

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:39 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2019)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:39 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2019) This course is offered to MSc, Semester II at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Spring 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:40 +0000

MTH211: Discrete Mathematics (Spring 2020) Course Objectives: Discrete Mathematics is branch of Mathematics which deals with discrete structures like logic. sequences, graphs, relations in contrast to Calculus. where we enjoy the continuity of functions and the set of real numbers. This course is introduction to discrete structures which are not the part of main stream courses. Discrete Mathematics has applications in Computer Science. Economics and Decision Making etc. This course will help…

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Spring 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:41 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Spring 2020) Discussion is available at the end of this page. One is free to ask any question or comment. ~~DISCUSSION~~ [Photo-illustration of Zeno's Paradox] At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and fun…

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Spring 2020)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:41 +0000

~~DISCUSSION~~ MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Spring 2020) Course Objectives: This course is intended as a brief introduction to the subject with a focus on Banach Fixed Point theorems fixed point theorem and its application to nonlinear differential equations, nonlinear integral equations, real and complex implicit functions theorems and system of nonlinear equations. Some generalizations and similar results e. g. Kannan Fixed Point theorems, Banach Fixed Point theorem for mul…

MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Spring 2021)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Feb 2021 15:12:31 +0000

~~DISCUSSION~~ MTH604: Fixed Point Theory and Applications (Spring 2021) Course Objectives: This course is intended as a brief introduction to the subject with a focus on Banach Fixed Point theorems fixed point theorem and its application to nonlinear differential equations, nonlinear integral equations, real and complex implicit functions theorems and system of nonlinear equations. Some generalizations and similar results e. g. Kannan Fixed Point theorems, Banach Fixed Point theorem for mul…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2022)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 13 Apr 2022 05:45:43 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2022) This course is offered to BS, Semester VI at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notion included in

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Spring 2023)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Jun 2023 14:47:57 +0000

MTH321: Real Analysis I (Spring 2023) ~~DISCUSSION~~ [Photo-illustration of Zeno's Paradox] At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the basic set theoretic statements and emphasize the proofs’ development of various statements by induction. Define the limit of, a function at a value, a sequence and the Cauchy criterion. Prove various theorems about limits of sequences and functions and emphasize the proofs’ development. Define continuity of a function and uniform con…

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2023)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 15 Jun 2023 01:08:47 +0000

MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2023) [MTH322: Real Analysis II (Spring 2023)] This course is offered to BS, Semester VI at Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock campus. This course need rigorous knowledge of continuity, differentiation, integration, sequences and series of numbers, that is many notions included in $f\in \mathcal{R}[a,b]$$b\ge a$$f(x)\ge 0$$x\ge a$$\int_{\,a}^{\,\infty }{f(x)\,dx}$$M>0$$\int\limits_{a}^{b}{f(x)\,dx}\leq M$$b\ge a$$f(x)$$g(x)$$x>a$$\li…

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Spring 2024)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 03:48:00 +0000

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Spring 2024) [Convex Analysis] Objectives: At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the concept of Convex Analysis, convex sets, convex functions, Differential of the convex function. Developing ability to study the Hadamard-Hermite inequalities and their applications. Prepare students to be self independent and enhance their mathematical ability by giving them home work and projects.

MTH480: Introductory Quantum Mechanics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Feb 2024 09:26:16 +0000

MTH251: Set Topology (Spring 25)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 10:10:47 +0000

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Spring 2025)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jun 2025 18:51:28 +0000

MTH424: Convex Analysis (Spring 2025) [Convex Analysis] Convex analysis is a branch of mathematics that studies convex sets and convex functions. A set is convex if a straight line between any two points in the set always stays inside it. This field is important in optimization, economics, and engineering. It helps in solving real-world problems like minimizing costs, maximizing profits, and designing efficient systems. Convex analysis is widely used in machine learning, finance, and physics. 😊…

CSC456: Stochastic Processes (Spring 2026)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jun 2026 08:38:47 +0000

CSC456: Stochastic Processes (Spring 2026) [Stochastic Processes (Spring 2026), Image Courtesy: Gemini] Course Learning Outcomes: * To define basic concepts from the theory of Markov chains and present proofs for the most important theorems. * To compute probabilities of transition between states and return to the initial state after long time intervals in Markov chains.

Notes of Metric Spaces

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:51 +0000

Notes of Metric Spaces These notes are related to Section IV of B Course of Mathematics, paper B. We are very thankful to Mr. Tahir Aziz for sending these notes. Name Notes of Metric Space Author Prof. Shahzad Ahmad Khan Send by Tahir Aziz

Notes of Fourier Series

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:46 +0000

Notes of Fourier Series These notes are provided by Mr. Muhammad Ashfaq. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org Name Notes of Fluid Mechanics Author Qayyum Ullah Khan

Notes of Metric Spaces by Umer Asghar

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:48 +0000

Notes of Metric Spaces by Umer Asghar These notes are related to Section IV of B Course of Mathematics, paper B. We are very thankful to Mr. Umer Asghar for sending these notes. Name Notes of Metric Space Author Mr. Umer Asghar Pages 19 pages

Notes of Number Theory by Umer Asghar

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:48 +0000

Notes of Number Theory by Umer Asghar These notes are very helpful to prepare one of the sections paper of mathematics for BSc. Author: Umer Asghar Type: Composed Format: PDF (1.14 mB) Pages: 24 Contents and Summary * Divisibility

Number Theory by Prof. Asghar Ali

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Mar 2022 19:38:31 +0000

Number Theory by Prof. Asghar Ali [Number Theory by M Asghar Ali] We are very thankful to Prof. Asghar Ali for send these notes. These notes are very helpful to prepare BSc or ADS mathematics portion of Number Theory. Number theory is a subject in which students learn different concepts created on the set of integers. For example, the concept of divisibilty exists in the set of integer. Let a and b be any two integers suhc that $a\neq 0$

Number Theory by Prof. M. Tanveer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:40:54 +0000

Number Theory by Prof. M. Tanveer [Number Theory by Prof. M. Tanveer] These notes are very helpful to prepare one of the sections of mathematics for BSc. Also these notes can be used for other classes. Author: Prof. M. Tanveer Type: Handwritten Format: PDF (972 kB) Pages: $a,b, \in \mathbb{Z}$$a \neq 0$$a$$b$$c\in \mathbb{Z}$$b=ac$$a,b, \in \mathbb{Z}$$c \in \mathbb{Z}$$a$$b$$c | a$$c | b$

Vector Analysis by Hameed Ullah: Notes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:41:13 +0000

Vector Analysis by Hameed Ullah: Notes [right triangle in semi circle] Note of vector analysis by Hammed Ullah. These notes are send by Umer Asghar, we are very thankful to him for providing these notes. These notes are for helpful for undergraduate level (BSc or BS). Name Notes of vector analysis

Mathematics Olympiad 2019 Sukkur IBA (11-13 November 2019)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:42:33 +0000

Mathematics Olympiad 2019 Sukkur IBA (11-13 November 2019) [Mathematics Olympiad 2019] Mathematical Olympiad is a contest of mathematics among the students. It is a very healthy activity to promote and learn mathematics. Contents for the test are as follows: * Qudratic equations and expressions

Solution and Area of Oblique Triangle

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Sep 2023 15:48:59 +0000

Solution and Area of Oblique Triangle These are the common formulas used in Chapter 12 of Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI, Punjab Textbook Board Lahore. This handout is very helpful to remember the formulas. All these formulas are given for real valued and defined trigonometric functions. A PDF file can be downloaded for high quality printing and a word file is also given if you wish to modify the contents or credit as you need.$a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos \alpha$$b^2=c^2+a^2-2ca\cos \bet…

Trigonometric Formulas

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 May 2023 02:59:50 +0000

Trigonometric Formulas These are the common formulas used in Chapter 9 to 14 of Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI, Punjab Textbook Board Lahore. This handout is very helpful to remember the formulas. All these formulas are given for real valued and defined trigonometric functions. A PDF file can be downloaded for high quality printing and a word file is also given if you wish to modify the contents or credit as you need.${{\sin }^{2}}\theta +{{\cos }^{2}}\theta =1$$1+{{\tan }^{2}}\t…

Advance Functional Analysis by Waseem Akram

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 31 May 2026 07:51:28 +0000

Advance Functional Analysis by Waseem Akram [Advance Functional Analysis by Waseem Akram] These notes provide a concise yet dense overview of key theorems in functional analysis, including the Hahn-Banach Theorem, Baire Category Theorem, Open Mapping Theorem, Closed Graph Theorem, and Banach Fixed Point Theorem. The presentation is somewhat informal, with occasional typographical errors, incomplete proofs, and missing equation references. However, the core logical flow is preserved, making it u…

Advance Functional Analysis by Waseem Akram

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 May 2026 18:22:55 +0000

Advance Analysis by Ms. Iqra Liaqat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 15:08:17 +0000

Advance Analysis by Ms. Iqra Liaqat [Advance Analysis by Ms. Iqra Liaqat] These notes are send by Ms. Iqra Liaqat. We are really very thankful to her for providing these notes and appreciates her effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org Name Advance Analysis Sender Ms. Iqra Liaqat Author $\sigma$

Affine and Euclidean Geometry by Shahzad Idress

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Jul 2023 10:30:52 +0000

Affine and Euclidean Geometry by Shahzad Idress [Affine and Euclidean Geometry by Shahzad Idress] These notes are sent by shahzad-idress. We acknowledged his efforts to published these notes on MathCity.org. These are short notes containing topics related to Affine and Euclidean Geometry. The main sections includes $R^n$

Algebra II by Syed Sheraz Asghar

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 10 Dec 2023 14:02:42 +0000

Algebra II by Syed Sheraz Asghar [Algebra II by Syed Sheraz Asghar] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org * Name: Algebra II * Provider: Mr. Muzammil Tanveer

Classical Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 18:38:28 +0000

Classical Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid [Classical Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid] Objectives of the course: To provide solid understanding of classical mechanics and enable the students to use this understanding while studying courses on quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, space-flight dynamics, astrodynamics and continuum mechanics.

Complex Analysis by M Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Feb 2025 08:11:42 +0000

Complex Analysis by M Usman Hamid [Complex Analysis by M Usman Hamid] We are really very thankful to Muhammad Usman Hamid for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org It covers the one part of the syllabus of Complex Analysis paper of MSc Mathematics. See the contents of the notes given below to see the topics covered by these notes.$$ x^2+4=0, x^2+x+1=0 \text{ and } x^2-2x+3=0 $$$i=\sqrt{-1}$$i^2=-1$

Computing Tools for Mathematics by Asif Arshad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 20:30:34 +0000

Computing Tools for Mathematics by Asif Arshad [omputing Tools for Mathematics by Asif Arshad] Computing tools for mathematics are algorithms that use computers to solve mathematical issues. They are employed in a number of scientific, technical, industrial, and technological domains where computer is crucial and central. They may assist in creating precise and effective numerical techniques, for instance, to solve physical or biological models.

Differential Geometry (Notes) by Ms. Kaushef Salamat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 11:29:10 +0000

Differential Geometry (Notes) by Ms. Kaushef Salamat [Differential Geometry by Ms. Kaushef Salamat] Differential Geometry is an important field in the mathematical sciences. Usually, this is a compulsory or core subject for BS mathematics students. These notes are send by Ms. Kaushef Salamat. We are really very thankful to her for providing these notes and appreciates her effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org

Differential Geometry by Syed Hassan Waqas

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 11:28:41 +0000

Differential Geometry by Syed Hassan Waqas [Differential Geometry by Syed Hassan Waqas] In the field of mathematics known as differential geometry, smooth manifolds—also known as smooth shapes and spaces—and their geometry are studied. Investigating the geometric characteristics of curves and surfaces involves the use of the tools of differential and integral calculus, linear algebra, and multilinear algebra. Differential calculus and mathematical analysis are related to differential geometry.…

Elementary Linear Algebra by Muhammad Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 10 Dec 2023 14:05:12 +0000

Elementary Linear Algebra by Muhammad Usman Hamid [Elementary Linear Algebra by Muhammad Usman Hamid] Linear Algebra is the study of vectors and linear transformations. The main objective of this course is to help students learn in rigorous manner, the tools and methods essential for studying the solution spaces of problems in mathematics, engineering, the natural sciences and social sciences and develop mathematical skills needed to apply these to the problems arising within their field of st…

Fluid Dynamics I by Muhammad Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 03 May 2026 08:26:32 +0000

Fluid Dynamics I by Muhammad Usman Hamid [Fluid Dynamics I by Muhammad Usman Hamid] Explore comprehensive notes on Fluid Dynamics by Muhammad Usman Hamid. Covers fundamental concepts (viscosity, stress fields, continuum), fluid statics, and differential analysis. Special thanks to Mr. Anwar Khan for contributing these resources to MathCity.org.

Fluid Mechanics I by Dr Rao Muzamal Hussain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Jul 2023 12:45:33 +0000

Fluid Mechanics I by Dr Rao Muzamal Hussain [Fluid Mechanics I by Muzammil Tanveer] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These notes are based on lectures delivered by Mr. Muzammil Hussain at GC University Faisalabad.

Fluid Mechanics II by Dr Rao Muzamal Hussain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Aug 2023 06:36:09 +0000

Fluid Mechanics II by Dr Rao Muzamal Hussain [Fluid Mechanics I by Muzammil Tanveer] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These notes are based on lectures delivered by Mr. Muzammil Hussain at GC University Faisalabad.

Fluid Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Mar 2025 12:46:08 +0000

Fluid Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid [Fluid Mechanics by Muhammad Usman Hamid] We casually look around most things seem to be solids but when one thinks of the oceans, the atmosphere and on out into space it becomes rather obvious that a large portion of the earth surface and of the entire universe is in a fluid state. Therefore, it becomes essential for sciences and engineers to know something about fluid mechanics.

Functional Analysis by M Usman Hamid and Zeeshan Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Sep 2024 18:09:17 +0000

Functional Analysis by M Usman Hamid and Zeeshan Ahmad [Functional Analysis by M Usman Hamid and Zeeshan Ahmad] These notes are send by Muhammad Usman Hamid and written by Muhammad Usman Hamid and Zeeshan Ahmad. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciate his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. Usman is dedicated and committed mathematician, who is working very hard for better understanding of mathematics to it readers.

Fuzzy Sets Theory by Umar Saeed Bunarai

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 11:56:34 +0000

Fuzzy Sets Theory by Umar Saeed Bunarai [Fuzzy Sets Theory by Umar Saeed Bunarai] In the field of mathematics known as fuzzy set theory, sets having varying degrees of membership are studied. This implies that an element can be a member of a set only partially or not at all. In several disciplines, including logic, control, data analysis, and decision-making, fuzzy set theory is used to model uncertainty, vagueness, and imprecision.

Group Theory: Important Definitions and Results

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Aug 2022 15:31:46 +0000

Group Theory: Important Definitions and Results [Group Theory: Important Definitions and Results] These notes are made and shared by Mr. Akhtar Abbas. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These notes contains important definitions with examples and related theorem, which might be helpful to prepare interviews or any other written test after graduation like PPSC, FPSC or etc.$G$$a\in G$$\exists$$e\in G$$a\…

Groups (Handwritten Notes) by Atiq ur Rehman

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 26 Jun 2024 18:07:44 +0000

Groups (Handwritten Notes) by Atiq ur Rehman Groups are a basic idea in algebra, introduced in high school. It's a very interesting topic in math. [Cube root of unity group] * Name: Groups (Handwritten notes)- Lecture Notes * Author: Atiq ur Rehman * Pages: 82 pages

Group Theory by Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Aug 2022 18:28:27 +0000

Group Theory by Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar [Group Theory by Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar] These notes are send by Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. Name Lecture Notes on Group Theory Author Mr. Muhammad Iftikhar

History of Mathematics by Muhammad Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 12:01:51 +0000

History of Mathematics by Muhammad Usman Hamid [History of Mathematics by Muhammad Usman Hamid] Mathematics is a unique aspect of human thought, and its history differs in essence from all other histories. These notes are written by Muhammad Usman Hamid. We are very thankful to him for sharing these notes on our website.

Linear Algebra: Important Definitions and Results

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Aug 2022 16:49:49 +0000

Linear Algebra: Important Definitions and Results [Linear Algebra: Important Definitions and Results] These notes are made and shared by Mr. Akhtar Abbas. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his efforts to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These notes contains important definitions with examples and related theorem, which might be helpful to prepare interviews or any other written test after graduation like PPSC, FPSC or etc.$V$$n$$n$$V$$W$$V$$A$$A$$A…

Mathematical Statistics I by Muzammil Tanveer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 16:11:58 +0000

Mathematical Statistics I by Muzammil Tanveer [Mathematical Statistics I] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org Name Mathematical Statistics

Mathematical Statistics by Ms. Iqra Liaqat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 12:30:11 +0000

Mathematical Statistics by Ms. Iqra Liaqat [Mathematical Statistics by Ms. Iqra Liaqat] These notes are send by Ms. Iqra Liaqat. We are really very thankful to her for providing these notes and appreciates her effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org Name Mathematical Statistics Provided by

Measure Theory Handwritten Notes by Asim Marwat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Feb 2023 17:43:56 +0000

Measure Theory Handwritten Notes by Asim Marwat [Measure Theory Notes by Asim Marwat] These notes are made and shared by Mr. Asim Marwat. He has our sincere gratitude for supplying these notes, and we value his effort in having them published on MathCity.org. Measure Theory is an important subject in BS Mathematics. These notes contain topic from base level, like equivalence set, to advance level, like convergent in measure.$L_p$$L_p$$L^\infty$$L_p$

Mechanics (Easy Notes of Mechanics)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 11:46:58 +0000

Mechanics (Easy Notes of Mechanics) [Easy Notes of Mechanics] These notes are provided and prepared by Dr. Amir Mahmood. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org If there is error or mistake in the notes, then please directly contact to Dr. Amir Mahmood for correction. He can be accessed via his email address at

Mechanics by Sir Nouman Siddique

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 26 Jun 2024 18:35:58 +0000

Mechanics by Sir Nouman Siddique These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org * Name: Mechanics * Provider: Mr. Muzammil Tanveer

Mechanics II (Analytic Dynamics I) by Dr Babar Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 May 2025 18:13:54 +0000

Mechanics II (Analytic Dynamics I) by Dr Babar Ahmad [Mechanics II (Analytic Dynamics I) by Dr Babar Ahmad] We are very thankful to Dr Babar Ahmad for sharing his book on MathCity.org. This book is very helpful for undergraduate students of Science and Engineering Programs. This book is shared by the permission of the author and he keeps the copyright of the book.

Metric Spaces (Notes)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 18 Aug 2023 18:05:58 +0000

Metric Spaces (Notes) [Metric Spaces (Notes)] These are updated version of previous notes. Many mistakes and errors have been removed. These notes are collected, composed and corrected by Atiq ur Rehman, PhD. These are actually based on the lectures delivered by Prof. Muhammad Ashfaq (Ex HoD, Department of Mathematics, Government College Sargodha). $(X,d)$$x,y\in X$$$\left| {\,d(x,\,A)\, - \,d(y,\,A)\,} \right|\,\, \le \,\,d(x,\,y).$$$A^c$$A\subset X$$x \in X$$B(x;r)$$A \subset X$$f:(X,d)\to (Y…

Multiple Choice Questions (BSc/BS/PPSC) by Akhtar Abbas

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 24 May 2026 17:45:10 +0000

Multiple Choice Questions (BSc/BS/PPSC) by Akhtar Abbas [Multiple Choice Questions (BSc/BS/PPSC)] These notes are made and shared by Mr. Akhtar Abbas. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his efforts to publish these notes on MathCity.org. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are given in these notes, which might be helpful in BSc, BS or Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) exams.$a$$b$$n$$na > b$$(p − 1)! \equiv −1(mod p)$$p$$p$$p$

Multivariable Calculus by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 16:25:59 +0000

Multivariable Calculus by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad [Multivariable Calculus by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad] Multivariable calculus is a fundamental subject that extends the concepts of single-variable calculus to higher-dimensional spaces. It provides a powerful framework for analyzing and modeling complex phenomena in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and computer science. This textbook is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to multivariable calculus, c…

Notes for Numerical Methods by M Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:59:07 +0000

Notes for Numerical Methods by M Usman Hamid [Notes for Numerical Methods by M Usman Hamid] These notes are initially provided by Mr. Anwar Khan. Later the updated version is send by Muhammad Tahir. We are really very thankful to Mr. Anwar Khan and Muhammad Tahir for providing these notes and appreciates their effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org$\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)$$\left(\frac{3}{8}\right)$

Number Theory by Dr Muhammad Umer Shuaib

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 18:11:04 +0000

Number Theory by Dr Muhammad Umer Shuaib [Number Theory Notes] A subfield of mathematics called number theory studies the characteristics of positive integers. Higher arithmetic is another name for it. The study of the relationships between various types of numbers, including prime numbers, rational numbers, and algebraic integers, is done using number theory, one of the oldest fields of mathematics.$\phi$

Numerical Analysis II

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:56:32 +0000

Numerical Analysis II [Numerical Analysis by Muzammil Tanveer] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. Name Numerical Analysis II Compiled by Muzammil Tanveer

Operation Research by Sir Haidar Ali

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 17:42:28 +0000

Operation Research by Sir Haidar Ali [Notes of Operation Research by Sir Haidar Ali] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These are based on lectures delivered by Sir Haidar Ali at GC University Faisalabad.

Operation Research: Handwritten Notes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 16:53:29 +0000

Operation Research: Handwritten Notes [Operation Research: Handwritten Notes] Operation research (OR) is a scientific field that enhances organisational decision-making and problem-solving via the application of mathematical and analytical techniques. The management and administration of many processes, including military, governmental, economic, and industrial ones, include the use of scientific principles. OR is carried out by a group of professionals from various linked fields, depending on …

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) by Hammad Safi

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Mar 2025 09:26:46 +0000

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) by Hammad Safi [Ordinary Differential Equations by Hammad Safi] An equation containing the derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent variables is said to be a differential equation or a differential equation is an equation which contains one or more terms and derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to other variables (independent variables) or an equation that contains derivatives of dependent…

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) by M Usman Hamid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Mar 2025 09:27:42 +0000

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) by M Usman Hamid The course provides a foundation to solve PDE’s with special emphasis on wave, heat and Laplace equations, formulation and some theory of these equations are also intended. We are really very thankful to Prof. Muhammad Usman Hamid for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) by Muzammil Tanveer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Mar 2025 09:29:35 +0000

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) by Muzammil Tanveer [Partial Differential Equations] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org Name: Partial Differential Equations or PDEs

Quantitative Reasoning-I (QR1: Exploring Quantitative Skills)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 16:47:25 +0000

Quantitative Reasoning-I (QR1: Exploring Quantitative Skills) [Quantitative Reasoning-I (Exploring Quantitative Skills) by M Usman Hamid] This handout offers a comprehensive introduction to numeracy and quantitative reasoning, laying a solid foundation for analytical thinking. It explores fundamental concepts, from basic arithmetic and unit analysis to more advanced topics like probability and statistics. A unique highlight is its exploration of the contributions of mathematicians and statis…

Quantitative Reasoning II (QR2: Tools for Reasoning Skills)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 Aug 2025 18:31:56 +0000

Quantitative Reasoning II (QR2: Tools for Reasoning Skills) [Quantitative Reasoning II (Tools for Reasoning Skills)] This handout provides a comprehensive exploration of fundamental mathematical and logical concepts, making it an essential read for students and professionals alike. It begins with an introduction to enumeration and its practical applications, followed by an in-depth discussion on quantitative reasoning, number systems, and arithmetic operations. The book highlights the contribut…

Real Analysis Handwritten Notes by Kaushef Salamat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Jan 2023 17:26:27 +0000

Real Analysis Handwritten Notes by Kaushef Salamat [Real Analysis Handwritten Notes by Kaushef Salamat] We are very thankful to Ms. Kaushef Salamat for providing these notes. Real Analysis is a core subject in BS or MSc Mathematics. Without a fundamental grasp of Real Analysis, one cannot claim to be a mathematician. These notes are very comprehensive containing almost all the notions of Real Analysis. For providing these notes, Ms. $\infty$

Ring (Notes) by Prof. M. Dabeer Mughal

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Apr 2023 06:56:21 +0000

Ring (Notes) by Prof. M. Dabeer Mughal [Ring (Notes) by Prof. M. Dabeer Mughal] A handwritten notes on Ring (Algebra) by Prof. M. Dabeer Mughal (Federal Directorate of Education, Islamabad, Pakistan). It is best to prepare a “Rings and Vector Spaces” section of your algebra paper or Algebra II for BS or MS Mathematics.$\phi$

Rings (Handwritten notes) by Atiq ur Rehman

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 26 Jun 2024 18:30:03 +0000

Rings (Handwritten notes) by Atiq ur Rehman [Rings (Handwritten notes) by Atiq ur Rehman] Ring is a two-operation mathematical structure. It is an abelian group with one operation and a semi-group with another operation, and the distributive law is true for the first operation relative to the second operation. This mathematical idea is fundamentally pure. These notes offer a very simple method for learning the concept of rings and other ideas that are closely related to rings. These are lecture…

Rings & Modules by Ms. Iqra Liaqat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Apr 2023 14:30:33 +0000

Rings & Modules by Ms. Iqra Liaqat Ring is a mathematical structure with two operations. With one operation it is abelian group and with other operation it is semi-group with distributive law holds with first operation w.r.t the other operation. This concept is of pure in nature in mathematics. These advanced level notes are typically taken as an elective in a mathematics undergraduate degree.

Special Functions by Dr. Muhey-U-Din

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Jul 2023 16:48:30 +0000

Special Functions by Dr. Muhey-U-Din These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. Thease notes are based on the lectures by Dr. Muhey-U-Din.

Special Theory of Relativity by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:32:09 +0000

Special Theory of Relativity by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad [Special Theory of Relativity by M Usman Hamid and M Zeeshan Ahmad] Special theory of relativity developed by Einstein in 1905, after the failure of Newton‘s laws, when he was dealing with the relative motion in space. The theory of relativity deals with relations which exist between physical quantities (such as mass of a particle, length of a rod, electric field at a point etc.) as they appear to different observers in relative …

Theory of Optimization by Ma'am Iqra Razzaq

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Jul 2023 16:28:59 +0000

Theory of Optimization by Ma'am Iqra Razzaq [Special Theory of Optimization by Ma'am Iqra Razzaq] These notes are provided and composed by Mr. Muzammil Tanveer. We are really very thankful to him for providing these notes and appreciates his effort to publish these notes on MathCity.org. These notes are based on the lectures by Ma'am Iqra Razzaq.

Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Aug 2024 07:42:56 +0000

Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes [Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes] Theory of Relativity and Analytic Dynamics is a subject that encompasses two distinct topics: relativity theory and analytic dynamics. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity defines the fundamental principles that control how moving objects behave in relation to one another and to the observer. The motion of objects as a result of forces and torques is the subject of analyt…

Vector Spaces (Handwritten notes)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Apr 2023 15:18:56 +0000

Vector Spaces (Handwritten notes) [Vector Spaces (Handwritten notes) by Atiq ur Rehman] Vector space is a fundamental subject in mathematics. At the undergraduate and upper secondary levels, the concept of vector space is regarded as basic and fundamental. These are lecture notes of Prof. Dr. Muhammad Khalid of University of Sargodha, Sargodha written by Atiq ur Rehman.

Vector & Tensor Analysis by Dr Nawazish Ali (Solutions)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 06 Aug 2023 18:20:39 +0000

Vector & Tensor Analysis by Dr Nawazish Ali (Solutions) [Vector & Tensor Analysis by Dr Nawazish Ali (Solutions)] We are very thankful to Prof. Fazal Abbas Sajid for sharing these solutions. Vector & Tensor Analysis for Scientists and Engineers, by Prof. Dr. Nawazish Ali Shah is a famous book taught in different universities of the Pakistan. On this page, we have added the solutions of the exercises of the book. Solutions of Chapter 5 is written by

Vector & Tensor Analysis by Prof Fazal Abbas

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Aug 2022 07:12:53 +0000

Vector & Tensor Analysis by Prof Fazal Abbas [Vector & Tensor Analysis by Prof Fazal Abbas] Solution of Chapter 6: Curvilinear Coordinates of the book Vector & Tensor Analysis by Prof. Dr. Nawazish Ali Shah written by Prof. Fazal Abbas Sajid. Here solutions of chapter 6 are provided by the author of the book, for the solutions of all the chapters of the book, please buy the solution manual from the market.

Vector Space (Review) by Rashad Wattu

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Apr 2023 14:51:01 +0000

Vector Space (Review) by Rashad Wattu Mathematical vector space is a crucial and fundamental idea. It depends on the concept of field. These notes were primarily written to help maths students understand vector space, which is a concept that they all need to be familiar with.

Nawab Ali

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 May 2022 11:38:18 +0000

Nawab Ali We are very thankful to Mr. Nawab Ali for providing notes of functional analysis. His notes are attached below, which might be helpful in BS Mathematics. * Name: Nawab Ali * Father Name: Muhammad Ayar * Email: * University: Abdul wali Khan University Mardan

PPSC Mock Interview Lecturer Mathematics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Mar 2021 16:31:54 +0000

PPSC Mock Interview Lecturer Mathematics [PPSC Mock Interview Lecturer Mathematics] This handout is shared by Mr. Rashad Wattu and written by Sawaira Sikandar. We are really very thankful to him for providing this handout and appreciates his efforts to publish it on MathCity.org. This handout contains the questions collected from the different interviews of the Lecturer in Mathematics conducted by Public Service Commission (PSC). This is help full to prepare interview of all types of jobs whic…

Chapter 01: Real Numbers, Limits and Continuity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:28 +0000

Chapter 01: Real Numbers, Limits and Continuity [Chapter 01 of Calculus with Analytic Geometry] Notes of the book Calculus with Analytic Geometry written by Dr. S. M. Yusuf and Prof. Muhammad Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. The notes of this chapter is written by Prof. $\mathbb{R}$$\mathbb{R}$$\mathbb{R}$

Chapter 02: The Derivative

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:28 +0000

Chapter 02: The Derivative [Chapter 02: The Derivative BSc Calculus] Notes of the book Calculus with Analytic Geometry written by Dr. S. M. Yusuf and Prof. Muhammad Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Here are few online resource, which are very helpful to find derivative.

Chapter 06: Plane Curves I

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:31 +0000

Chapter 06: Plane Curves I Notes of the book Calculus with Analytic Geometry written by Dr. S. M. Yusuf and Prof. Muhammad Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. [Conic section] Contents and summary * Conic sections * The parabola * The ellipse

Chapter 07: Plane Curves II

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:32 +0000

Chapter 07: Plane Curves II Notes of the book Calculus with Analytic Geometry written by Dr. S. M. Yusuf and Prof. Muhammad Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. [Asymptote] Contents and summary * Asymptotes: A straight line $l$ is called an asymptote for a curve $C$$l$$C$$l$$l$

Chapter 08: Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:33 +0000

Chapter 08: Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions Notes of the book Calculus with Analytic Geometry written by Dr. S. M. Yusuf and Prof. Muhammad Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Contents & Summary * Distance between two points$\mathbb{R}^3$

Chapter 01: Complex Numbers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Dec 2023 12:59:57 +0000

Chapter 01: Complex Numbers [Chapter 01 Complex Numbers Methods] Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. A complex number is an element $(x,y)$ of the set $$ \mathbb{R}^2=\{(x,y): x,y \in \mathbb{R}\} $$ obeying the following rules of addition and multiplication.$z_1=(x_1,y_1)$$z_2=(x_2,y_2)$$z_1+z_2= (x_1+x_2, y_1+y_2)$$z_1 z_2 = (x_1 x_2 - y_1 y_2, x_1 y_2+y_1 x_2)$$\mathbb{R}^2$$\mathbb{C}$

Chapter 02: Groups

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:00:23 +0000

Chapter 02: Groups [Chapter 02: Groups] Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Contents and summary * Definition (axioms of group) * Definition ( commutative group ) *

Chapter 03: Matrices

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:44 +0000

Chapter 03: Matrices Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. The difficulty level of this chapter is very low. Most of the questions involve calculations. This chapter is wide range of applications in Linear Algebra. In many universities teachers include this chapter in the syllabus of Linear Algebra for BS students of mathematics and other subjects.

Chapter 04: System of Linear Equations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:45 +0000

Chapter 04: System of Linear Equations Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. The difficulty level of this chapter is low. Most of the questions involve calculations. This chapter is wide range of applications in Linear Algebra and Operations Research. In many universities teachers include this chapter in the syllabus of Linear Algebra and Operations Research for BS students of mathematics and other …

Chapter 06: Vector Spaces

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:47 +0000

Chapter 06: Vector Spaces Notes of Chapter 06 Vector Spaces of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Contents and summary * Subspaces * Linear combinations and spanning sets

Chapter 07: Inner Product Spaces

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:48 +0000

Chapter 07: Inner Product Spaces Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Inner product spaces form and important topic of Functional Analysis. These are simply vector space over the field of real or complex numbers and with an inner product defined on them.

Chapter 08: Infinite Series

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:49 +0000

Chapter 08: Infinite Series Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Infinite series are of great importance in both pure and applied mathematics. They play a significant role in Physics and engineering. In fact many functions can be represented by infinite series. The theory of infinite series is developed through the use of special kind of function called sequence.

Chapter 09: First Order Differential Equations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:50 +0000

Chapter 09: First Order Differential Equations Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Contents and summary * D.E and their classification * Formation of differential equation

Chapter 10: Higher Order Linear Differential Equations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:45:51 +0000

Chapter 10: Higher Order Linear Differential Equations Notes of the book Mathematical Method written by S.M. Yusuf, A. Majeed and M. Amin, published by Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore - PAKISTAN. Contents and summary * Higher order linear differential equations

Notes of Vector Analysis (Online View)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:01 +0000

Notes of Vector Analysis (Online View) PDF View of Notes of the Vector Analysis is given on this page. These notes are helpful for BSc or equivalent classes. PDF file of the notes can also be downloaded from this page. Contents of these notes are available

Chapter 01: Number System

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Jun 2023 16:30:31 +0000

Chapter 01: Number System [Chapter 01: Number System] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 01: Number System, Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Rational numbers and irrational numbers$\mathbb{C}$$(x+iy)^n$$\left(\frac{x_1+iy_1}{x_2+iy_2}\right)^n, x_2+iy_2\neq 0$$\sqrt{-1}=i$$\sqrt{-1}$$i$$-i$$i$$-i$$-1$$i^2=-1$$\sqrt{-1}=i$$\sqrt{-1}$

Chapter 02: Sets, Functions and Groups

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Apr 2023 12:54:57 +0000

Chapter 02: Sets, Functions and Groups Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 02: Sets, Functions and Groups, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. [Chapter 02: Sets, Functions and Groups] Contents & summary * Introduction$p\leftrightarrow q$

Chapter 03: Matrices and Determinants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:27 +0000

Chapter 03: Matrices and Determinants [Chapter 03: Matrices and Determinants] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 03: Matrices and Determinants, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Introduction$2\times2$$2\times2$$2\times2$$n\geq 3$$n\geq 3$

Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jun 2023 16:13:15 +0000

Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations [Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Introduction * Solutions of Quadratic Equations

Chapter 05: Partial Fractions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:29 +0000

Chapter 05: Partial Fractions [Chapter 05: Partial Fractions] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 05: Partial Fractions, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Introduction * Rational Fraction$\frac {P(x)}{Q(x)}$

Chapter 06: Sequences and Series

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:29 +0000

Chapter 06: Sequences and Series [Chapter 06: Sequences and Series] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 06: Sequences and Series, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Introduction * Types of Sequences$l,m,n$$p$$q$$r$$$l(q-r)+m(r-p)+n(p-q)=0$$$a_1$$d$$$\begin{align}l=a_1+(p-1)d,\\ m=a_1+(q-1)d,\\ n=a_1+(r-1)d.\end{align}$$ Now $$\begin{align}L.H.S &= l(q-r)+m(r-p)+n(p-q)\\ &= lq-lr+mr-mp+np-nq\\ &=…

Chapter 07: Permutation, Combination and Probability

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Mar 2022 16:28:40 +0000

Chapter 07: Permutation, Combination and Probability [Chapter 07: Permutation , Combination and Probability] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 07: Permutation , Combination and Probability, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary

Chapter 08: Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:30 +0000

Chapter 08: Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem [Chapter 08 Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 08: Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore.$(a+x)^n$$(a+x)^n$

Chapter 09: Fundamentals of Trigonometry

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jun 2023 16:03:04 +0000

Chapter 09: Fundamentals of Trigonometry [Chapter 09: Fundamentals of Trigonometry] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 09: Fundamentals of Trigonometry, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. This chapter has four exercise and solutions of those exercises are given below which can be downloaded in PDF format or can be viewed online.$D^\circ M'S''$$45^\circ , 30^\circ , 60^\circ$$0^\circ , 90^\circ , 180^\circ , 270^\circ , 36…

Chapter 10: Trigonometric Identities

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:32 +0000

Chapter 10: Trigonometric Identities [Chapter 10: Trigonometric Identities] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 10: Trigonometric Identities, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. There are four exercise in this chapter.

Chapter 11: Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:34 +0000

Chapter 11: Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs [Chapter 11: Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 11: Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary $ y = \sin x$$-2\pi \hbox{ to } 2\pi$$ y = \cos x$$-2\pi \hbox{ to } 2\pi$$ y = \tan x$$-\pi \hbox{ to } \pi$$ y = \cot x$$-2\pi \hbox{ to } \pi$$ y = \sec x$$-2\pi \hbox{ to } 2\pi…

Chapter 12: Application of Trigonometry

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:34 +0000

Chapter 12: Application of Trigonometry [Chapter 12: Application of Trigonometry] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 12: Application of Trigonometry, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * Introduction

Chapter 13: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:37 +0000

Chapter 13: Inverse Trigonometric Functions [Chapter 13: Inverse Trigonometric Functions] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 13: Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary * ${\sin ^{ - 1}}A + {\sin ^{ - 1}}B = {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {A\sqrt {1 - {B^2}} + B\sqrt {1 - {A^2}} } \right)$${\sin ^{ - 1}}A - {\sin ^{ - 1}}B = {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {A\sqrt {1 - {B^2}} - B\sqrt {1 - {…

Chapter 14: Solutions of Trigonometric Equation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:46:37 +0000

Chapter 14: Solutions of Trigonometric Equation [Chapter 14: Solutions of Trigonometric Equation] Notes (Solutions) of Chapter 14: Solutions of Trigonometric Equation, Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI (Mathematics FSc Part 1 or HSSC-I), Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore. Contents & summary ${\sin ^{ - 1}}A + {\sin ^{ - 1}}B = {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {A\sqrt {1 - {B^2}} + B\sqrt {1 - {A^2}} } \right)$${\sin ^{ - 1}}A - {\sin ^{ - 1}}B = {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {A\sqrt {1 - {B^2}} - B\sqr…

Unit 01: Functions and Limits

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Jun 2023 16:30:56 +0000

Unit 01: Functions and Limits [Unit 01: Functions and Limits] Notes (Solutions) of Unit 01: Functions and Limits, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 (Mathematics FSc Part 2 or HSSC-II), Punjab Text Book Board Lahore. There are five exercises in this chapter. You can view online or download PDF. To view PDF, you must have PDF Reader installed on your system and it can be downloaded from $\lim_{x\to a}\frac{x^n-a^n}{x-a} = na^{n-1}$$\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\sqrt{x+a} - \sqrt{a}}{x} = \frac{…

Unit 02: Differentiation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:47:05 +0000

Unit 02: Differentiation [Unit 02: Differentiation] Notes (Solutions) of Unit 02: Differentiation, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 (Mathematics FSc Part 2 or HSSC-II), Punjab Text Book Board Lahore. You can view online or download PDF. To view PDF, you must have PDF Reader installed on your system and it can be downloaded from Software section.$f'(x)$$x^n$$n \in \mathbb{Z}$$\frac{x+1}{x-1}$$x$$$ \begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\right) &= \frac{(x-1)\frac{d}{dx}(x…

Unit 04: Introduction to Analytic Geometry

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:47:07 +0000

Unit 04: Introduction to Analytic Geometry [Unit 01: Functions and Limits] Notes (Solutions) of Unit 04: Introduction to Analytic Geometry, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 (Mathematics FSc Part 2 or HSSC-II), Punjab Text Book Board Lahore. You can view online or download PDF. To view PDF, you must have PDF Reader installed on your system and it can be downloaded from Software section.$ax^2+ 2hxy+by^2=0$

Unit 05: Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:47:08 +0000

Unit 05: Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming [Unit 05: Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming] Notes (Solutions) of Unit 05: Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 (Mathematics FSc Part 2 or HSSC-II), Punjab Text Book Board Lahore. You can view online or download PDF. To view PDF, you must have PDF Reader installed on your system and it can be downloaded from Software section.

Mathematical Method by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Dec 2023 16:48:39 +0000

Mathematical Method by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions) [Mathematical Method by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions)] We are very thankful to Prof. Fazal Abbas Sajid for sharing these solutions. Problems & Methods Mathematical Method by Khalid Latif Mir is a famous book taught in different universities of the Pakistan at BS and Master level. On this page, we have added the solutions of the exercises of the book. The solutions of Chapter 06: The Laplace Transform and its Applications is written by Marrium …

Number Theory by Ms. Iqra Liaqat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 May 2021 11:51:22 +0000

Number Theory by Ms. Iqra Liaqat [Number Theory by Ms. Iqra Liaqat] Notes of number theory provided Ms. Iqra Liaqat is a very good addition in the MSc notes section. We are actually quite grateful to her for giving these notes and likes her encouragement to distribute these notes on MathCity.org Name

Theoretical Mechanics by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Feb 2021 08:58:47 +0000

Theoretical Mechanics by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions) [Theoretical Mechanics by Khalid Latif Mir (Solutions)] We are very thankful to Prof. Fazal Abbas Sajid for sharing these solutions. An Intermediate Course in Theoretical Mechanics By Khalid Latif Mir is a famous book taught in different universities of the Pakistan. On this page, we have added the solutions of the exercises of the book.

Chapter 01 - Real Number System

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:49:59 +0000

Chapter 01 - Real Number System Contents & Summary * Theorem: There is no rational p such that $p^2=2$. * Theorem: Let A be the set of all positive rationals p such that $p^2>2$ and let B consist of all positive rationals p such that $p^2<2$ then A contain no largest member and $x0$$n>0$$y^n=x$$\underline x,\underline y\in \mathbb{R}^n$$\|\underline x^2\|=\underline x\cdot \underline x$$\|\underline x\cdot \underline y\|=\|\underline x\| \|\underline y\|$$\underline …

Chapter 02 - Sequence and Series

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 16:49:59 +0000

Chapter 02 - Sequence and Series Contents * Sequence, Subsequence, Increasing Sequence, Decreasing Sequence, Monotonic Sequence, Strictly Increasing or Decreasing * Bernoulli’s Inequality * Bounded Sequence * Convergence of the Sequence$s_n\frac{1}{2}s$$\{s_n\}$$\{t_n\}$$\left\{a{s_n}+b{t_n}\right\}$$as+bt$$\left\{{s_n}{t_n}\right\}$$\left\{\frac{{{s_n}}}{{{t_n}}} \right\}$$\frac{s}{t}$${t_n}\ne…