Chapter 1
Introduction 3
1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3
1.2 The Concept of a Fluid 4
1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum 6
1.4 Dimensions and Units 7
1.5 Properties of the Velocity Field 14
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 16
1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 22
1.8 Basic Flow-Analysis Techniques 35
1.9 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and
Pathlines 37
1.10 The Engineering Equation Solver 41
1.11 Uncertainty of Experimental Data 42
1.12 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination 43
1.13 Problem-Solving Techniques 44
1.14 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 44

Chapter 2
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 59
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 59
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 61
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 63
2.4 Application to Manometry 70
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 74
2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 79
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 82
2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 84
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 89
2.10 Pressure Measurement 97

Chapter 3
Integral Relations for a Control Volume 129
3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 129
3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 133
3.3 Conservation of Mass 141
3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 146
3.5 The Angular-Momentum Theorem 158
3.6 The Energy Equation 163
3.7 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 174

Chapter 4
Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle 215
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 215
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 217
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 223
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 230
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 231
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 234
4.7 The Stream Function 238
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 245
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 247
4.10 Some Illustrative Plane Potential Flows 252
4.11 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 258

Chapter 5
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 277
5.1 Introduction 277
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 280
5.3 The Pi Theorem 286
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 292
5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 301

Chapter 6
Viscous Flow in Ducts 325
6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes 325
6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows 330
6.3 Semiempirical Turbulent Shear Correlations 333
6.4 Flow in a Circular Pipe 338
6.5 Three Types of Pipe-Flow Problems 351
6.6 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 357
6.7 Minor Losses in Pipe Systems 367
6.8 Multiple-Pipe Systems 375
6.9 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 381
6.10 Fluid Meters 385

Chapter 7
Flow Past Immersed Bodies 427
7.1 Reynolds-Number and Geometry Effects 427
7.2 Momentum-Integral Estimates 431
7.3 The Boundary-Layer Equations 434
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 436
7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 445
7.6 Experimental External Flows 451

Chapter 8
Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics 495
8.1 Introduction and Review 495
8.2 Elementary Plane-Flow Solutions 498
8.3 Superposition of Plane-Flow Solutions 500
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 507
8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 516
8.6 Images 521
8.7 Airfoil Theory 523
8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 534
8.9 Numerical Analysis 540

Chapter 9
Compressible Flow 571
9.1 Introduction 571
9.2 The Speed of Sound 575
9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 578
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 583
9.5 The Normal-Shock Wave 590
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 598
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 603
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 613
9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 618
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 628

Chapter 10
Open-Channel Flow 659
10.1 Introduction 659
10.2 Uniform Flow; the Chézy Formula 664
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 669
10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth 671
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 678
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 682
10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 687

Chapter 11
Turbomachinery 711
11.1 Introduction and Classification 711
11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 714
11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 720
11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps:
The Specific Speed 729
11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 735
11.6 Turbines 742

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